Friday, August 13, 2010

What is a Bar Code?

Everyday you see bar codes in the world around you. You see them in supermarkets, on labels, greeting cards and consumable goods. By now you also realize that bar codes have replaced the traditional pricing of products.
Bar codes can be used in every business around the world. For example:
  • to track assets in any building including every desk, computer, telephone, copier and desk accessory.
  • to track mail from the time it arrives in the mail room to the time it is delivered to each desk or location within an office.
  • to help security guards identify every employee, every door they enter and every room they work in.
  • to secure, lock or unlock entrances or exits throughout the plant.
  • to manage and track your vehicle fleet and each driver
A bar code can best be described as an "optical Morse code." Series of black bars and white spaces of varying widths are printed on labels to uniquely identify items. The bar code labels are read with a scanner, which measures reflected light and interprets the code into numbers and letters that are passed on to a computer. Because there are many ways to arrange these bars and spaces, numerous symbologies are possible. Common linear symbologies include UPC/EAN, Interleaved 2 of 5 (I of 5), Codabar, Code 39, and Code 128.
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Saturday, July 24, 2010

The Supreme Court

     The Judiciary of Bangladesh consists of a Supreme Court, subordinate courts and tribunals. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh comprises of the Appellate Division and the High Court Division. It is the apex Court of the country and other Courts and Tribunals are subordinate to it.
      The Appellate Division shall have Jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from judgments, decrees, orders or sentences of the High Court Division. It has rule making power for regulating the practice and procedure of each division and of any Court subordinate to it.
      The High Court Division, though a Division of the Supreme Court, is for all practical purposes, an independent court with its powers, functions and jurisdictions well defined and determined under the Constitution and different laws. It has both appellate as well as original jurisdiction. It hears appeals from orders, decrees and judgments of subordinate courts and tribunals. It has original jurisdiction to hear Writ Applications under article 102 of the Constitution, which is known as extra ordinary constitutional jurisdiction. It has further original jurisdiction, inter alia, in respect of company and admiralty matters under statutes. The High Court Division, in special circumstances, has also powers and jurisdiction to hear and dispose of cases as the court of first instance under article 101 of the Constitution. The High Court Division shall have Superintendence and control over all Courts and tribunals subordinate to it.
 
   
 
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Criminal Court Of Bangladesh

Section 6 of the CrPC as amended by the Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Ordinance,
2007 states that, there shall be two classes of Criminal Courts in Bangladesh,
namely--
1.
Court of Session.
2.
Court of Magistrates.
Court of Session
For the purpose of administration of criminal justice the whole territory of
Bangladesh has been divided into some Session Division each containing a Court of
Session. Section 7 of the CrPC every Sessions Division shall be a district. A
metropolitan area is deemed to be a Sessions Division.
Under section 9 of the CrPC the Government bound to appoint a judge in each
Session Court.
Section 9(3) Session Judge, Additional Sessions Judge and joint Session Judge
shall be appointed form among the members of the Bangladesh Judicial service.
All Joint Session Judge shall be subordinate to the session judge in whose court
they exercise jurisdiction.
Jurisdiction of Court Session
The Court of Session exercise four types of jurisdiction: Original, appellate,
revision0al & administrative.
Original Jurisdiction
Original jurisdiction of the Court of Session means that jurisdiction whereby it
can take a case as court of first instance. Under its jurisdiction, a Session
Judge or Additional Session judge can try any offence authorized by criminal law.
Appellate Jurisdiction
A session judge hears appeal form the conviction and sentence passed by the Joint
Session Judge, Metropolitan Magistrate or any Judicial Magistrate of the first
class.
When in any case of Joint Session Judge passes any sentence of imprisonment for
term exceeding 5 years, the appeal shall lie to the HCD.
Revision0al Jurisdiction
Under section 435 of the CrPC a session judge may call for and examine the records
of any inferior court.
Under section 439A the Session Judge has the power of revision in case of any
proceeding the record of which has been called for.
Jurisdiction as to Transfer of cases or Withdraw cases
Under administrative and supervisory power the Session Judge may transfer a case
form one criminal court to another criminal court. [ Section 526B ].
A Session Judge may withdraw or recall any case [ Section 528 ]
Court of Joint Session Judge
A Joint Session Judge may pass any sentence authorized by law, expect a sentence
of death or transportation for a term exceeding 10 years or imprisonment for a
term exceeding 10 years.
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Friday, July 23, 2010

Bachelor of Law(Hons) Syllabus

Duration : 4 Years
  Total Semesters : 12
  Total Credits : 143
  Core Courses : 127 Credits
  Others : 16 Credits
 
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What are the future prospects this field ?

Generally, law firms employ fresh graduates as apprentices or assistants. During the final year of the course, a candidate takes up apprenticeship. After two years of articleship, the apprentice appears for an examination of articled clerk conducted by the Law Society. Plunging into private practice immediately after graduation is practically impossible, unless there is a ready-made family firm. It generally takes several years under an advocate or solicitor before a person is ready to branch off into his own practice. There are plenty of opportunities in private industry.
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What are the fields of Specialisation?

The several fields in which a lawyer may specialise in are:
  • Civil Law that deals with concerns of private rights of individuals, handling damage suits, breach of contract suits, drawing deeds, wills, mortgages, acting as trustee or guardian, etc.
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What is the Remuneration ?

An articled clerk or apprentice usually gets a stipend of Rs. 2,200. Private practitioners get good packets. For those in government service, it could be in the Rs. 2,000 to Rs. 4,000 range. When a person gets appointed as sub-judge, he begins at Rs. 5,500 plus the benefits and perks that all government employees are entitled to.
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Where are the training Institutes?

Law-Institutes Almost all Indian Universities offer a degree in Law. Besides these, some Universities offer a five year law course after completion of 12th Std. Some Universities also offer short term specialized courses in Law.
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What is the nature of work ?

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What is the eligibility & training for Law?

One can either pursue a three-year law course after graduation in any discipline or a five-year course after twelfth standard examinations, leading to a BA LLB (Hons). Practically all universities offer the part time three-year course LLB course for graduates. Generally, eligibility is on the basis of marks scored at the graduation examinations.
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details about the Law as a career

According to an estimate of the Bar Council, around 1,200 to 1,500 lawyers enroll every year. Another progressive point to be taken into consideration is that it is yet another male dominated field that has been stormed by women, although it is true that not many practice it.
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International Conventions & Reports to Treaty Governing Bodies

Bangladesh acceded to the CEDAW in 1984 with a reservation relating to Article 2 regarding the elimination of discrimination against women and the Article 16(1)(c) regarding equality of rights in marriage and upon its dissolution; Bangladesh does not consider these provisions binding as they "conflict with the shari�a law based on (the) Holy Qur�an and Sunnah."
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Notable Features

see also: Notable Features, Republic of India and Notable Features, Islamic Republic of Pakistan]
As elsewhere in South Asia, much of the Muslim personal law is unlegislated, the basis for the law being classical Hanafi fiqh except where this has been amended by legislation.
The Muslim Personal Law (Shari�at) Application Act 1937 continues to govern the application of Muslim family law in Bangladesh. (The pre-independence legislation that replaced this Act in 1962 only applied to West Pakistan.) According to the Act, Bangladeshis are subject to local custom and usage in matters relating to wills, legacies or adoption, unless a person declares his or her express preference for being governed by Islamic law. Thus, estates may validly devolve in proportions favouring women under customary law.
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Court System

The judiciary is organised at two levels, with subordinate courts and a Supreme Court with Appellate and High Court Divisions. The Family Courts Ordinance 1985 governs the application of the personal laws of all Bangladeshis through the state judiciary by the creation of Family Courts. The Family Courts have jurisdiction over personal status cases of all communities, though religious minorities are governed by their own personal laws. The Family Courts are convened in Assistant Judges� Courts and have special procedures and reduced formalities.
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Constitutional Status of Islam(ic Law)

The Constitution was adopted on 4 November 1972. An amendment to the Constitution under President Ziaur Rahman in 1977 removed the principle of secularism that had been enshrined in Part II: Fundamental State Policy, replacing it with "absolute trust and faith in Almighty Allah." The Eighth Amendment of 1988 inserted Article 2A, affirming that "[t]he state religion of the Republic is Islam, but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in the republic." Some women�s groups challenged this move on the grounds that it risked exposing women to discriminatory laws.
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Legal History

see also: Legal History, Republic of India and Legal History, Islamic Republic of Pakistan] Bangladesh seceded from Pakistan in December of 1971. Following independence, the British-era legislation that had continued to be applied in Pakistan, as well as the post-1947 legislation enacted by
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History of American Law

The system of trial by jury is thought to be a product of the Common Law; and it has been sought to show that it was indigenous in England and traceable back to Alfred the Great and to Anglo-Saxon times. The supposed Anglo-Saxon origin of the jury system has been completely disproved by Messrs. Pollock and Maitland in their excellent history of early English Law, who have distinctly traced it to the Franks, from whom it was borrowed by William the Conqueror or his immediate Norman successors for their own selfish purposes, and not with any view to the improvement of the law of England.
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International Law history

About the end of the thirteenth century, there were more than one hundred ecclesiastical sovereign states within the limits of the German Empire. Now we can readily infer what all this means in the contest between Feudalism and the Roman Jurisprudence. The bishops were nurtured in this latter system, they were hostile to the usages of Feudalism, they had no desire to perpetuate the sway of their own families. Consequently in all the ecclesiastical states the principles of the Roman Jurisprudence were to a greater or less extent introduced or restored. And precisely the same thing happened with the great Free Cities of the North, known as the Hanseatic League, to which we have already referred.
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History of english Law

England and the United States have in a measure been excepted from the otherwise universal concurrence of all the civilized nations of the world in the acceptance of the Code Napoleon, or of the Civil Law of Rome in some shape, as the basis of their jurisprudence. In the great turmoil of the disruption of the Roman Empire by the Teutonic barbarians, what of Britain? The country was then called Britain, as will be remembered, and not England. This is a later appellation. And it was inhabited by a branch of the great Celtic Race, which had peopled all of western Europe - Romanized and civilized by four centuries of Roman occupation. The barbarians broke into Britain too; and ruin and desolation marked where the Anglo-Saxon savages came. Populous cities disappeared, or shrank into miserable villages. Fertile fields became barren wastes;
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History of Law

The history of law is the history of our race, and the embodiment of its experience. It is the most unerring monument of its wisdom and of its frequent want of wisdom. The best thought of a people is to be found in its legislation; its daily life is best mirrored in its usages and customs, which constitute the law of its ordinary transactions.
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